that "All prejudices, whether of race, sect or sex, class pride and caste distinctions are the belittling inheritance
and badge of snobs and prigs."
Ida B. Wells was a daughter of slaves who became a journalist and anti-lynching activist at turn of 20th century. She worked for equal opportunity for women in government hiring as well as for equality for African-American citizens. She once said, "I felt that one had better die fighting against injustice than to die like a dog or a rat in a trap."
1940s
Mary Church Terrell was one of the first U.S. Black women to earn a college degree (at Oberlin), and was an activist for women's suffrage and for charter member of the NAACP. But first, she was a founding member and first president of National Association of Colored Women in 1896. Read more of her biography here. The original typescript of her autobiography, A Colored Woman in the White World, published in 1940, is an exhibit at the Library of Congress.
This Bridge Called My Back (Cherríe Moraga & Gloria Anzaldua) is a book based on poetry and writings from radical women of color. This piece was originally published in 1983 and since then has released a fourth edition in February of 2015. The importance of intersectionality within race, class, sexual orientation and a political stance, are some examples of the ways in which theses women address oppression and liberation during the third wave of feminism.
“The way I try to understand the interconnection of all forms of subordination is through a
method I call ‘ask the other question.’ When I see something that looks racist, I ask
‘Where is the patriarchy in this?’ When I see something that looks sexist, I ask ‘Where is
the heterosexism in this?’ . . . no form of subordination ever stands alone.” (“Beside My
Sister, Facing the Enemy: Legal Theory Out of Coalition,” 43 Stanford Law Review 1183, 1189 (1991))
Kimberlé Crenshaw publishes several papers using the metaphor of intersectionality to describe the way oppressions of race and gender are mutually constitutive in Black women's lives and absent from law and jurisprudence.
After Crenshaw's and Collins' work in early 1990s, intersectionality spread first in legal theory, in the area of Critical Race Theory (see, for example, Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings that Formed the Movement, edited by Kimberlé Crenshaw, Neil Gotanda, Gary Peller, and Kendall Thomas). Intersectionality gained very little traction in Women's & Gender Studies; in fact, the term was not featured in Signs, Feminist Review, or Gender & Society until 2002 and 2004.
Bowleg, L. (2012). The problem with the phrase women and minorities: intersectionality-an important theoretical framework for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), 1267–1273.
Carastathis, A. (2013). Identity categories as potential coalitions. Signs, 38(4), 941–965.
Carastathis, A. (2014). The Concept of Intersectionality in Feminist Theory. Philosophy Compass, 9(5), 304–314.
Cho, S., Crenshaw, K. W., & McCall, L. (2013). Toward a field of intersectionality studies: Theory, applications, and praxis. Signs, 38(4), 785–810.
Cohen, C. J. (1997). Punks, Bulldaggers, and Welfare Queens: The Radical Potential of Queer Politics? GLQ: a Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 3(4), 437–465.
Collins, P. H. (2015). Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas. Annual Review of Sociology, 41(1), 1–20.
Davis, K. (2008). Intersectionality as buzzword: A sociology of science perspective on what makes a feminist theory successful. Feminist Theory, 9(1), 67.
Hahn Tapper, A. J. (2013). A Pedagogy of Social Justice Education: Social Identity Theory, Intersectionality, and Empowerment. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 30(4), 411–445.
Hancock, A.-M. (2007). When Multiplication Doesn't Equal Quick Addition: Examining Intersectionality as a Research Paradigm. Perspectives on Politics, 5(01), 1–17.
MacKinnon, C. A. (2013). Intersectionality as method: A note. Signs, 38(4), 1019–1030.
Mann, S. (n.d.). Third Wave Feminism’s Unhappy Marriage of Poststructuralism and Intersectionality Theory. Journal of Feminist Scholarship, 54.
Mohanty, C. T. (2013). Transnational feminist crossings: On neoliberalism and radical critique. Signs, 38(4), 967–991.
Nash, J. C. (2008). Re-thinking Intersectionality. Feminist Review, 89, 1–15.
Perdomo, S. A. (2014). Raw Tongue. In D. Mitchell, C. Y. Simmons, & L. A. Greyerbiehl (Eds.), Intersectionality and Higher Education (pp. 123–134). Peter Lang.
Reinert, L. J., & Serna, G. R. (2014). Living Intersectionality in the Academy. In D. Mitchell, C. Y. Simmons, & L. A. Greyerbiehl (Eds.), Intersectionality and Higher Education (pp. 88–98). New York.
Taylor, B. J., Miller, R. A., & García-Louis, C. (2014). Utilizing Intersectionality to Engage Dialogue in Higher Education. In D. Mitchell, C. Y. Simmons, & L. A. Greyerbiehl (Eds.), Intersectionality and Higher Education (pp. 229–239). New York: Peter Lang.
Sources: Hancock, A. M. (2016). Intersectionality: An Intellectual History. Oxford University Press.
Nash, J. (2016).
Nash, J. C. (2015, February 15). The Institutional Life of Intersectionality, or Notes on Feminist Fatigue. Lecture presented at Ohio State University Department of Women, Gender, & Sexuality Studies in OH, Columbus.
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